Lorenzo Lotto Portraits in Washington National Gallery of Art
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Lorenzo Lotto. Portraits
Museo Nacional del Prado. Madrid 6/19/2018 - 9/thirty/2018
The Museo del Prado is presenting the first major monographic exhibition on Lorenzo Lotto's portraits. Co-organised with the National Gallery in London, it is benefiting from the sole sponsorship of Fundación BBVA and is the Museum's near important exhibition this summer.
Lorenzo Lotto (Venice, 1480 – Loreto, 1557) was one of the nigh unique and fascinating artists of the Italian Cinquecento. His reputation has consistently grown among scholars and fine art lovers since Bernard Berenson devoted the first monograph to him, Lorenzo Lotto. An Essay in Constructive Criticism, published in 1895. Writing at the time of the emergence of Freudian psychoanalysis, Berenson saw Lotto as the first portraitist to be interested in reflecting his sitters' states of listen, and as such the first modern one. Although interest in the artist has been particularly notable since the 1980s, until now no exhibition has focused exclusively on the portraits, making this project a pioneering i.
The exhibition focuses on already known aspects of Lotto'southward portraiture such equally their varied typology, psychological depth and circuitous symbolism. In addition, it explores other less familiar ones such as the artist's employ of like resources in his portraits and religious works, the importance of the objects nowadays in the portraits as reflections of material culture of the 24-hour interval, and the creative process behind the realisation of these works.
Lorenzo Lotto. Portraits too offers an unprecedented perspective on the artist'southward works through the presence in the galleries of objects like to those seen in the portraits, in a reflection of cloth culture of the day. In addition, it looks at the way in which the artist conceived and executed his portraits and in this regard and given the lack of technical analyses of these works, the inclusion of drawings by him (rarely displayed aslope the paintings) are of detail importance.
The diversity of typologies that Lotto employed; the overt or concealed symbolism within them; the psychological depth with which he imbued his models; and the importance he gave to objects in order to define their status, interests and aspirations all requite these portraits a degree of profundity which permit Lotto to be seen as the artist who best reflected Italy at the fourth dimension, a land experiencing a profound period of modify.
- Curators:
- Enrico Maria Dal Pozzolo (Academy of Verona) and Miguel Falomir (Museo del Prado).
Access
Room A and B. Jerónimos Building
- Exclusive Sponsorship:
Multimedia
Exhibition
The exhibition
Lorenzo Lotto (Venice, ca.1480 – Loreto, 1556/57) was one of the great Renaissance portraitists due to the variety of typologies that he employed, the psychological depth with which he endowed his sitters, and his judicious use of objects to define the condition, interests and aspirations of his subjects. An artist who experienced both success and failure, after his death Lotto vicious into almost consummate oblivion until the late xixth century when the art historian Bernard Berenson (1865-1959) rediscovered him, presenting him as the showtime Italian painter interested in depicting his sitters' states of mind and hence the first modern portraitist. This estimation, which is all the same accepted today, found fertile basis in a society increasingly concerned with profound aspects of the private, and it is seemingly not past risk that Berenson was a contemporary of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and of the birth of psychoanalysis. This exhibition, the offset on Lotto'southward portraits, includes works created in the places where this nomadic painter was active: his native Venice, Treviso, Bergamo, Rome and the Marches, produced over the course of l years. The earliest reveal echoes of Antonello da Messina, filtered through his master Alvise Vivarini and Giovanni Bellini, in addition to northern elements (principally Dürer) and the influence of Giorgione, Raphael, Leonardo and finally Titian in the 1540s. Lotto re-elaborated these sources to codify his own language in which looks, gestures and objects combine to transcend the concrete description of the sitters and their status and thus reveal their innermost thoughts. These are paintings possessed of a powerful narrative potential which invite the viewer to imagine the lives of their subjects while as well testifying to the period of profound transformation experienced in Italia at that fourth dimension.
Early years in Treviso
Lotto produced his outset works in Treviso, due north of Venice, effectually 1498. At this point he was an creative person dominated past the "myth" of Antonello da Messina, active in Venice between 1475 and 1476, although this influence was modified by that of other painters. The technique of his early portraits recalls Alvise Vivarini, his probable master, simply his models derive from Giovanni Bellini, the preeminent figure in Venetian painting at that appointment. In addition, Lotto's work reveals both directly northern influences (German painters were present in Treviso), and indirect ones derived from prints. This Germanic component increased following Dürer's arrival in Venice in tardily 1505. The Treviso period was a successful ane, during which Lotto established contacts with prominent intellectuals such as Bishop Bernardo de' Rossi, and his reputation spread to towns such as Asolo where he painted Caterina Cornaro, the last Queen of Republic of cyprus. He similarly flourished in Recanati in the Marches and past this point his career provided a sufficient basis to confront the slap-up challenge of Rome, where his arrival was probably facilitated by Bramante, architect to Saint Peter'due south. Lotto is documented working in the Stanza della Segnatura and di Eliodoro in 1509 although cipher survives of that project, now concealed by Raphael's frescoes.
Bérgamo, 1513-1525
Following his lack of success in Rome, in 1510-13 Lotto returned to the Marches (Recanati and Jesi) where he painted various portraits nowadays in the exhibition (Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza and the Uffizi), before moving to Bergamo in 1513. It was in that location, particularly from 1521 onwards, that he produced some of his finest portraits, commissioned by members of a wealthy and ambitious upper middle class prepared to accept innovative artistic solutions. With their encouragement Lotto experimented with every representational blazon and with an originality unparalleled in Italian art of the period. He brought significant innovations to the individual and double portrait and as well to the crypto-portrait and portraits included in devotional works. These are living images which reflect both his sitters' social condition and their cultural composure. They include numerous references to mythology, classical fine art and the civilization of emblems and all are characterised by their ability to establish a dialogue with the viewer.
The matrimonial portrait
Lotto responded to the freedom conceded to him by the social elites in Bergamo with unprecedented pictorial formats. The virtually innovative was undoubtedly the matrimonial portrait, showing a couple in a single visual field accompanied past objects and elements open to a symbolic reading. It has been suggested that this typology is northern in origin and before family portraits are certainly known from Flemish region and Germany. Given Lotto'southward artistic origins, however, a classical influence should not be rejected, derived from both sculpture and from numismatics and gem carving. In these portraits, most of them associated with the prominent Cassotti family unit, Lotto employed an innovative horizontal format, the success of which subsequently led him to use it in Venice for private portraits.
Return to Venice
Equipped with the expressive and formal resources that he devised in Bergamo, Lotto reappeared in Venice in late 1525. In the context of painting, the metropolis was more dynamic than always due to the renovatio Urbis [modernisation of the city] promoted by the authorities under Doge Andrea Gritti (1523-38). Portraiture was, notwithstanding, the pictorial genre most subject to earlier conventions, with a focus on individuals of high social rank depicted in half-length or 3-quarter format. This explains the success of the innovative proposals offered by Lotto, who adjusted the horizontal format of his betrothed portraits to private ones, introducing a "speaking" infinite into the painting through the sitters' gestures or the objects that accompany them. During these years Lotto produced some of his most memorable creations, depicting intentionally enigmatic figures in dynamic compositions of considerable size.
Lotto and the Dominicans
On his inflow in Venice in 1525 Lotto stayed with the Dominican community of Santi Giovanni e Paolo where he painted its treasurer, Marcantonio Luciani. Before long after this the Order may have commissioned him to execute the big pala d'altare shown in this gallery and depicting The Alms of Saint Antoninus, completed in the early on 1540s. Lotto's connections with the Dominicans, particularly its Observant co-operative, would be close and in his will of 1531 he expressed the wish to be buried in the Order'due south habit. In addition, part of the fee for the painting of Saint Antoninus came from sermons given by Friar Lorenzo da Bergamo, whose portrait is displayed later in the exhibition. Another Dominican monk, Angelo Ferretti, is represented with the attributes of Saint Peter Martyr in the last department of the exhibition. This gallery also offers a reflection on the relationship between portraiture and religious painting and on one of the liveliest debates in art at the time: the paragone, which disputed the relative merits of painting and sculpture.
Freedom in the marches
Despite a few fractional successes, Lotto never achieved his desired triumph in Venice. Competition brought enemies, leading to various failures. The event was psychological distress, and in a letter of this period he admitted to being "of profoundly contradistinct mind due to various and strange disturbances." During his fourth dimension in Venice he maintained his connections with the Marches, to where he regularly sent works and where he finally moved, probably in search of a less stressful artistic surround. In 1534 he was in Ancona, in 1535 in Jesi, and then again in Ancona in 1538, followed past Macerata and Cingoli in 1539, places with a less sophisticated local clientele. For these portraits Lotto used his experience gained in Bergamo and Venice but we witness an increasing appearance of isolated, melancholy individuals, as in Portrait of a Human from the Galleria Borghese, who seem to echo his own state of listen.
"Solitary, with no trustworthy guide and very broken-hearted of mind"
Anile nearly sixty, in 1540 Lotto returned to Venice, merely to leave two years subsequently for Treviso. It was at that place, betwixt 1542 and 1545, that he painted some of his well-nigh intense portraits in which he represented the irreversible and devastating effects of suffering and old age, devoid of any concessions to idealisation. Most of these works are imbued with the painter'south own melancholy. A veil of sadness about similar the shadow of expiry spreads over the sitters who posed for him and paradoxically their sumptuous clothes almost learn the significance of a vanitas. These works' chromatic and compositional sobriety reflects the impact of Titian, albeit more in formal than conceptual terms as Lotto avoided idealising his models. In 1545 he returned to Venice for the terminal time, cartoon up a second volition on 25 March 1546 in which he included the phrase used every bit the title for this section of the exhibition: "Alone, with no trustworthy guide and very anxious of mind."
Drawings
Drawings by Lotto, whether portraits or religious compositions, take been almost entirely absent-minded from exhibitions on the creative person, which has complicated their report. The present one includes diverse examples of unlike types attributed to the artist. Some must take been made equally preparatory studies for painted portraits, ranging from chop-chop-executed sketches to squared-up designs to be transferred to console or canvas. Others are and so highly finished that they seem independent works, possibly made every bit gifts. From the Libro di spese diverse, in which Lotto gear up out his accounts, we know the multifariousness of drawing materials that he caused (charcoal, black and white chalk, tailor'south chalk and ink), revealing his versatility equally a draughtsman. Also on display is a fascinating portrait in oil on paper recently attributed to the creative person, which has the spontaneity of a sketch from life and represents an example of this technique, recorded in documents but known from very few surviving examples.
Late protraits
In 1549 Lotto left his native Venice for the final time and returned to the Marches. Past at present physically weak, weary and disillusioned, he was so in need of money that he organised a lottery in Ancona to sell his works but with disappointing results. It was hither that he painted his last portraits, characterised past an intensity and inventiveness no longer present in his large religious compositions of this period. Lotto spent his last years in the sanctuary at Loreto, which he entered in the summertime of 1552. He became a lay member in 1554 and was buried at that place in tardily 1556. Significantly, he painted various works for the sanctuary but none of them were portraits. He left his few possessions there, including his account volume, the Libro di spese diverse, a unique document which allows for a detailed reconstruction of the last two decades of his life and identifies the individuals whom he portrayed.
Crypto-portraits
Crypto-portraits were a speciality of Lotto's which he cultivated throughout his career, comprising depictions of the sitter with the attributes of the figure with whom they identified; a classical deity such as Venus, an aboriginal heroine or a saint of their special devotion. Particularly numerous are Lotto'due south portraits of Dominicans monks with the symbols of saints of their Gild and this exhibition includes examples of friars portrayed as Saint Thomas Aquinas or Saint Peter Martyr. Information technology is very likely they were commissioned past these monks' communities every bit "mirrors of virtue" for their members but in many cases the degree of identification achieved past Lotto between sitter and saint is troublingly ambiguous.
Artworks
Catalogue
The catalogue that accompanies this exhibition, the first to be devoted to Lotto'south portraits, follows the footsteps of this nomadic painters from his native Venice to Treviso, Bergamo, Rome and the Marches through the portraits which he painted over the form of fifty years. These works reveal a range of influences from Antonello da Messina to Titian, in addition to his master Alvise Vivarini, Giovanni Bellini, Albrecht Dürer, Giorgione, Raphael and Leonardo. Lotto reinterpreted these sources in order to formulate his own visual language in which looks, gestures and objects combine to transcend the sitters' concrete advent and social condition and reveal their innermost thoughts. These are works of enormous narrative potential which invite the viewer to imagine the lives of the subjects while reflecting on the nature of Italian republic at the time, a country in a profound land of transformation.
Edited by Miguel Falomir and Enrico Maria Dal Pozzolo and with the collaboration of Matthias Wivel, the catalogue includes texts past leading specialists which focus on technical, material, social and iconological problems relating to Lotto's portraits in addition to a revision of the documentary sources essential for their study.
- Title
- Lorenzo Lotto. Portraits
- Measures
- 24 x 30 cm
- Bounden
- Paperback
- Language
- Spanish and English language
- ISBN
- 978-84-8480-371-3
- Year
- 2018
- Artist
- Miguel Falomir, Enrico Maria Dal Pozzolo, Matthias Wivel
- NIPO
- 037-eighteen-025-0
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Source: https://www.museodelprado.es/en/whats-on/exhibition/lorenzo-lotto-portraits/4efebe6a-ba81-ab76-08b9-83363fb32538
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